RIA Compliance Blog

SBA and SEC Add Guidance on Paycheck Protection Program Loans

May 7, 2020 | Steve Parker

Due to recent guidance from the Small Business Association (SBA) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), registered investment advisers (RIAs) should carefully consider their eligibility for a loan under the Paycheck Protection Program, and whether they must disclose the circumstances that led to the loan, or the fact of receiving the loan itself, on form ADV.

The PPP Loan Certification
In order to qualify for a PPP loan, an applicant must certify that “[c]urrent economic uncertainty makes this loan request necessary to support the ongoing operations of the Applicant.” Our view of this language was that it was very broad, so as to apply to any business that reasonably anticipated a reduction in revenue that could result in curtailment of its current operations. If an RIA believed in good faith that its revenue will decrease or has decreased as a result of the pandemic, and also anticipated that it will have to terminate any employees without the loan, then it is eligible for the loan. Since the primary purpose of the loan program was to minimize unemployment, in our view such an RIA should have easily been able to make the certification in good faith. However, later SBA guidance effectively altered the standard, and any RIA who applied for a loan should reevaluate the certification under the new standard.

April 23, 2020 — SBA Guidance
There was political backlash in mid-April when it was revealed that certain large companies, including publicly-traded companies that had access to capital markets, were receiving PPP loans. This led the Small Business Administration to issue formal Q&A guidance last Thursday, April 23, 2020. As a result of the guidance, the SBA stated that, before submitting a PPP application, all borrowers should review carefully the required certification that “[c]urrent economic uncertainty makes this loan request necessary to support the ongoing operations of the Applicant.” Borrowers must make this certification in good faith, taking into account their current business activity and their ability to access other sources of liquidity sufficient to support their ongoing operations in a manner that is not significantly detrimental to the business. While it is tempting to read the SBA guidance as applicable only to large businesses with access to capital, the Q&A made it clear that the “significantly detrimental” standard applies to “all borrowers.”Furthermore, while the guidance could be interpreted to apply only to public companies, the SBA clarified that it applied to private companies by updated guidance issued on April 28, 2020.

SEC Publishes Risk Alerts Relating to Reg BI and Form CRS

April 22, 2020 | Steve Parker

Earlier this month the SEC’s Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE) issued two related risk alerts on the subjects of Form CRS and Regulation Best Interest (Reg BI). The purpose of the risk alerts was to provide investment advisers and broker-dealers information regarding the anticipated scope and content of the examinations OCIE will conduct following the compliance date for Regulation Best Interest, and the filing deadline for Form ADV, Part 3. In this post, we summarize the risk alert relating to Reg BI.

The initial broker-dealer examinations will focus on whether firms have established policies and procedures reasonably designed to comply with Regulation Best Interest’s for distinct obligations: the duty to disclose; the duty of care; the duty to avoid or disclose conflict of interest; and the duty to adopt compliance procedures. In addition to assessing whether a registrant has adopted policies and procedures reasonably designed to comply with Regulation BI, the examinations will also assess the operational effectiveness of those procedures.

Wells Fargo Settles Enforcement Case Over Unsuitable ETF Recommendations

March 30, 2020 | Steve Parker

Last month Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network LLC agreed to settle administrative charges brought by the SEC, and will pay a $35 million civil penalty in order to resolve the matter. According to the allegations, Wells Fargo failed to supervise investment adviser representatives who recommended inverse exchange-traded funds to their customers, leading to investor losses.

Inverse ETFs allow investors to short the entire market or a sub-market, depending on the ETF involved. However, because they usually “re-set” every day, inverse ETFs are not designed to be held for longer than a single trading day. Instead, they are designed to be used by traders to implement risk hedges on an intra-day basis. If they are held on a long-term basis, they will not necessarily perform consistently with the long-term direction of the market being shorted. This is especially true in volatile markets.

These risks are often described in detail in the product prospectuses but are not often explained sufficiently by financial advisers. In fact, advisers who are not specifically trained on the products often do not understand their unique characteristics. For example, a single-inverse ETF based on a particular index will usually lose money even if the index performance remains flat. In fact, even if the index falls the ETF can lose money.

Investor Losses from Oil Pricing War Could Trigger FINRA and SEC Exam Scrutiny

March 11, 2020 | Steve Parker

As the saying goes, “a rising tide lifts all boats.” This expression is commonly used in the investment world to mean that in bull markets, all portfolios tend to rise, no matter how poorly constructed. However, when the market changes directions sharply, as it has over the last thirteen trading days, poorly constructed portfolios sink more precipitously than the overall market.

The stock market has never before plunged by 18% off of its all-time high over such a short time frame. The main driver of the decline had been, prior to this week, concern over the impact that the spreading Coronavirus will have on the US economy. On Monday, March 9, however, news of an oil trade war caused a further, more precipitous decline. But the 18% decline in the market in the last few trading days represents the broad equity markets. Investors whose portfolios are overconcentrated in individual stocks or market sectors are experiencing even worse declines. To continue the boat metaphor, some portfolios will be sunk or will crash against the rocks. Continue reading ›

SEC Issues Observations on “Cybersecurity and Resiliency”

March 3, 2020 | Steve Parker

The SEC’s Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations and (OCIE) has issued “Cybersecurity and Resiliency Observations,” which summarizes and reflects on the risks of cybersecurity its examiners have observed in thousands of examinations of broker-dealers and investment advisers over the past eight years. Fittingly, OCIE observed that one size does not fit all when it comes to cybersecurity. The paper, however, provides detailed commentary on several segments of risks and the responses to those risks. One of those areas, governance and risk management, is an area of overall concern for most firms.

As with compliance in general, an effective cybersecurity program “starts with the right tone at the top,” according to OCIE. Other studies demonstrate that without leadership support and continuous engagement, information securities policies fail. In an effective program, the firm’s C-level executives and the board must coordinate activities of several key employees and potentially outside service providers. The initial priority should be to make an inventory of cyber risks and analyze and prioritize those risks. Essentially this must be a team exercise because expertise is required from multiple quarters and points of view. Larger firms may wish to coordinate cybersecurity policies at the enterprise level, but differences among different constituencies within the enterprise may strongly suggest that policies should be addressed at the level of the subsidiary level. Factors to consider are threats from malicious insiders, unintentional breaches through regular internal operations, risks relating to remote working and traveling, and geopolitical risks.

Courts Hear Second Constitutional Challenge to SEC Administrative Enforcement Proceedings

February 24, 2020 | Steve Parker

The ability of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to prosecute enforcement actions selectively through its own administrative proceedings is under constitutional attack in cases pending in the Fifth and Ninth Federal Judicial Circuits. The Ninth Circuit case was brought by Raymond Lucia, the same former investment adviser who succeeded in a constitutional challenge to the method of appointment of the SEC’s Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) in 2018. In that case, Lucia v. SEC, the U.S. Supreme Court held that these ALJs were “Inferior Officers” for purposes of the Constitution’s Appointments Clause, meaning that they must be appointed by either the President or the SEC itself. Prior to the decision in that case, ALJs were hired pursuant to the regular civil service process applicable to federal employees. In response to the Supreme Court’s ruling, the SEC ratified the appointment of its existing ALJs.

Lucia’s new challenge, and a similar challenge brought by accountant Michelle Cochran, are pending in the Ninth and Fifth Circuits, respectively. In those cases, the plaintiffs continue to challenge the constitutionality of the SEC administrative enforcement process. Among other things, the plaintiffs argue that the procedures in place preventing the removal of the ALJs are unconstitutional and that the administrative proceedings deprive respondents of the Seventh Amendment’s guarantee of trial by jury.

Lucia is represented by the New Civil Liberties Alliance, a nonprofit organization that, according to its website, “views the administrative state as an especially serious threat to constitutional freedoms.” It assists litigants in challenging what it considers to be unconstitutional administrative processes.

Robo-Advisers Included Among SEC Examination Priorities

January 31, 2020 | Steve Parker

In our previous post, we described the SEC’s announcement of examination priorities in 2020 for the Commission’s Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE). In that post, we discussed areas of examination that will apply to a large percentage of registered investment advisors and other regulated entities. In this post, we focus on another priority, namely robo-advisers.

Otherwise known as automated investment platforms, “robo-advisers” have come under increased scrutiny by OCIE. The number of these advisers has increased substantially over the last four years. OCIE intends to focus on issues such as the eligibility of the robo-adviser to register with the SEC, marketing practices engaged in by robo-advisers, the ability to comply with fiduciary duty, the adequacy of the adviser’s disclosures, the effectiveness of the adviser’s compliance program, and the firm’s cybersecurity policies, procedures and practices.

Advisers Act Rule 203A-2(e) permits “internet only advisers” to register with the SEC, provided certain conditions are met and maintained. Specifically, the adviser must provide investment advice to all clients exclusively through an interactive website and maintain records demonstrating that it does so. Under the rule, an adviser may provide investment advice through means other than the internet to up to fourteen clients during any twelve-month period. Undoubtedly there are some firms that registered on this basis who were either not eligible at the time or, through the evolution of their business, have strayed from the conditions required to remain eligible for registration.

SEC Announces 2020 Examination Priorities

January 24, 2020 | Steve Parker

Earlier this month, the SEC’s Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE) announced its examination priorities for 2020. Many of the priorities listed are similar to those identified in previous years’ priorities lists. The SEC’s approach in addressing them, however, continues to evolve to keep pace with the changing landscape of financial markets, market participants, products, technologies and risks. This post will address some of the areas that should be of concern to a large percentage of registered investment advisers (RIAs), broker-dealers and other regulated entities.

OCIE reiterated that a significant underpinning of any effective compliance program is the “tone at the top” set by C-level executives and owners. Those firms that prioritize compliance and effectively create a “culture of compliance” tend to be more successful in designing and implementing compliance plans than firms that view compliance as an afterthought or business hindrance. One of the “hallmarks” of a firm’s commitment to compliance is the presence of an “empowered” CCO who is routinely consulted regarding most facets of the firm’s operations. There is nothing new to these concepts, but it is worth noting that OCIE continues to emphasize them year after year. Although not stated in the priorities release, the degree to which a firm demonstrates a commitment to compliance often weighs heavily on decisions OCIE examiners must make regarding how deficiencies will be addressed by the Commission. All other things being equal, firms that have made mistakes but demonstrate the ability to make effective corrections will often be provided an opportunity to implement those corrections and are less likely to become the subject of an enforcement referral.

Not surprisingly, OCIE will continue to prioritize examining RIAs to assess compliance with their fiduciary duty to clients. For examinations of RIAs occurring during the second half of 2020, this will undoubtedly include the proper use of Form ADV Part 3, which RIAs are required to complete, file, and place into use with clients by June 30, 2020. Additionally, broker-dealers will be expected to implement compliance with new Regulation BI, requiring adherence to a best interest standard. The priorities list reiterates that advisers and broker-dealers must eliminate, or at least fully and fairly disclose, all conflicts of interest, as more fully explained in Investment Advisor Release 5248, issued in June of last year.

Among other priorities relevant to RIAs, OCIE also listed the protection of retail investors saving for retirement, information security, anti-money laundering programs and financial technology.

Supreme Court Refuses to Consider Unsuccessful Pay-To-Play Challenge

January 17, 2020 | Steve Parker

Earlier this week, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to take up a lower court ruling upholding the SEC’s authority to adopt and enforce FINRA’s Pay-to-Play rule, Rule 2030. That rule, which became effective in 2017, followed and was patterned after Rule 206(4)-5 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Adopted in 2010, the Advisers Act Pay-to-Play rule prohibits investment adviser firms and certain of its executives and employees, including representatives, from providing advisory services to government clients within two years after the firm or those covered employees make contributions to elected officials relating to the client. Additionally, the rule prevents an adviser from directly or indirectly paying any third party to solicit advisory business from any government entity, with certain exceptions. Finally, the rule prevents an adviser from coordinating or soliciting contributions for certain government officials or candidates in situations where the adviser is either seeking the business of the government entity or providing advisory services.

In 2016 FINRA adopted Rule 2030, which is substantially similar to the Advisers Act rule. One of the chief motives for the adoption of the FINRA rule was to foreclose the possibility that registered representatives or FINRA member firms could circumvent the Advisers Act Rule, where the firms were dual registrants. Both rules have de minimis exceptions of $350.00 per election in contributions to any one official or candidate if the contributing associate was entitled to vote for the candidate, and $150.00 per official per election, to candidates for whom the associate is not entitled to vote. Both rules also have recordkeeping requirements.

Both the SEC and FINRA have enforced their respective rules through administrative enforcement actions.

Text and Chat Messages Key in Hiding Forex Traders Bid-Rigging Scheme

January 13, 2020 | Steve Parker

A federal court in the Southern District of New York is currently considering a motion filed last month that would overturn a jury verdict convicting a former Forex Trader at JP Morgan, Akshay Aiyer, of conspiring to rig bids in Forex transactions. The motion argues that the testimony of alleged co-conspirators Christopher Cummins of Citigroup and Jason Katz of Barclays was unreliable and false, and should not serve as a valid basis for the conviction.

Another aspect of the case that should be of interest to compliance officers of financial services firms was the role that text messages and group chats played in the trial of Mr. Aiver. During the trial in November 2019, Mr. Cummins testified that he and defendant Aiyer communicated via text message and private chat rooms in order to avoid being caught by the banks’ compliance personnel. Cummins pled guilty in 2017 but testified as a cooperating witness for the U.S. Justice Department in the case against Aiyer.

The cases against the US traders are only a part of a larger scheme involving other banks as well. In May 2017, the European Union levied fines totaling €1.7 Billion on Barclays, Citigroup, JPMorgan, Royal Bank of Scotland and Mitsubishi UFJ. The only firm not fined by the EU was UBS, who first detected and reported the fraudulent scheme. The importance of being able to monitor and detect these types of communications cannot be ignored.